Most addiction concepts in various European countries changed between 1860 and 1980, but by the end of this period some degree of homogeneity around terminology can be observed.

Key words: evolution, addiction, concepts, Europe

Lead author(s): Berridge, Mold

Automatic biases towards alcohol drinking in adolescents are related to a genetic vulnerability; and online interventions which directly target such cognitive-motivational processes show promise as add-ons to treatment for clinical alcohol problems.

Key words: alcohol, cannabis, implicit cognitions, online interventions

Lead author(s): Weirs & Pronk

Limited research evidence exists on the determinants of transitions from high-risk to low-risk substance use and gambling that occur without clinical or psychotherapeutic intervention; however, evidence supports that a key driver of transitions from harmful to low-risk substance use or gambling is life changes in the user, for example getting a job, getting married and having children.

Key words: determinants, reduction, life changes, harmful behaviours

Lead author(s): Gell, McLeod, Bühringer, Meier, Lingford-Hughes, Holmes, Forberger

Determinants at the level of the social, economic and political environment are more important in the transition to risky substance use and gambling whilst determinants at the individual and sub-individual level of analysis are more dominant in the transition to harmful behaviours.

Key words: determinants, harmful behaviour, transitions, risky behaviour

Lead author(s): Lees, Gell, McLeod, Bühringer, Meier, Lingford-Hughes, Holmes, Forberger

Understanding human evolutionary behaviour and the common mismatch between the way we run our lives in present times and the way our lives were run in the environment in which we evolved can provide better pointers as to what needs to be done to reduce the ill-health and premature death resulting from the use of alcohol and drugs.

Key words: ill-health, heavy use, drugs, evolutionary behaviour

Lead author(s): Anderson