Most Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities of the addiction industry are not evaluated; those evaluations that do exist are not methodologically sound; and the very small numbers of relatively better-designed evaluations show negative impacts.

Key words: impact, evaluation, CSR, addiction industry

Lead author(s): Baumberg

The money Italian users spend on cocaine gets split very roughly into thirds: about one-third remains in the hands of the retailers who sell directly to users, one third going to the higher-level dealers within Italy, and one-third flowing out of the country and to international traffickers.

Key words: retailers, drug dealing, profit, international traffic

Lead author(s): Pardal, Tzvetkova, Disley

Toxicological analyses find that alcohol is the most dangerous out of 10 commonly used illegal and legal drugs.

Key words: Toxicology, Ranking drugs, MOE, margin of exposure, alcohol

Lead author(s): Lachenmeier & Rehm

In recent decades, European countries have witnessed a process of withdrawing addictions from their political context in the media and public discourse. Social determinants of addictions were replaced by specific individual causes. Decreased authority of political and institutional actors made a room for individual experiences and experts representing mostly biomedical sciences.

Key words: addiction, public portrayal, media, individualization, knowledge sources

Lead author(s): Bujalski

Throughout modern history, addictions, in particular alcoholism, have been used to stigmatise “inferior” classes or  people(s), including indigenous populations, and to discredit their social and national aspirations; currently this stigma still continues to exist, covering addicts as well as addiction treatment, and leads to serious health inequalities across social classes, peoples and countries.

Key words: addictions, health inequalities, stigma, social justice, discrimination

Lead author(s): Moskalewicz