Societal well-being and its domains can serve as a framework for a better understanding of addictive substances and behaviours, resulting in more effective and beneficial policy and governance.

Key words: well-being framework, OECD, societal progress

Lead author(s): Stoll, Anderson, Braddick

Portugal decriminalized personal use of all illicit drugs in 2001 and adopted a national strategy based on a strong public health focus. A 2010 quantitative estimate of the criminal justice sector costs for drug control in Portugal showed an expenditure of 73% for detention, 20% for the police sector and 7% for the justice sector. The high costs in the prison sector should be explored in greater depth, to understand whether or not they reflect the country’s new legislative framework and governance of addiction, or are due to other factors, such as investment in treatment services for prisoners.

Key words: Criminal justice, decriminalization, Costs, Portugal

Lead author(s): Liquori

Poland’s “zero tolerance” drug legislation in 2010 could have been responsible for high police and judiciary sector costs and for high number of recorded drug crimes at that time.

Key words: Criminal justice, Drug control, Costs, Zero tolerance

Lead author(s): Liquori

Adult and child family members affected by their relatives’ heavy alcohol use, drug use, or gambling have a greatly increased risk of ill-health, but they continue to be neglected in research, policy and practice

Key words: family, harm to others, addiction, AFM

Lead author(s): Orford

Viewing policy and regulation from an ethical standpoint, the prohibition of certain drugs and criminalization of users does not fulfil any of the requirements in protection of the rights of individuals to freedom of choice, reducing risks or promoting well-being of communities

Key words: Governance, Public health, ethical considerations

Lead author: Braddick